Anadolu Selçuklu Veziri Sahip Ata Fahreddin Ali'nin Mimari Eserleri [architectural Buildings Of The Sahip Ata Fahr'al-din Ali The Viziers Of The Anatolian Seljuks]
Döküman Önizlemesi
Sahip Ata Fahreddin is one of the characters who had the longest political career in Anatolian Seljuk period. Sahip Ata, who had all the important assignments during his governmental job for approximately forty years, is the patronage of some of the most important magnificent buildings. The number of buildings which the Anatolian Seljuk Emirates or viziers have ordered to be built until today is not so many. Although the numbers of the buildings which the administrator group has ordered to be built are more than the buildings of sultans, the number of buildings which the emirs or viziers have is at most two or three for each. For example, just three buildings of the famous Anatolian Seljuk Vizier Celaleddin Karatay have left today. Sahip Ata is the one who has ordered the most numerous buildings to be constructed in this administrator group with his 13 existing buildings and 11 buildings in addition to these whose existence we have learned from publications and he deserves the title ‘Ebu’l Hayrat’ (the Father of Charities). Sahip Ata’s first architectural investments were around Afyon and Aksehir. The Caravanserai in the shaklı (1249) and the Medrese in Aksehir (1250) were the first investments of control of Sahip Ata and his sons which would last until the first years of XIV. Century. The fact that Sahip Ata died in Nadir Village which is between Aksehir and shaklı, shows the importance of the area for him and his family. This sovereignty was the reason Afyon today was called Karahisar-ı Sahip until the end of last century. When the geographical distribution of Sahip Ata buildings is studied chronologically, it is seen that they are arranged from east to west. Chronologically, his two buildings in Afyon and Aksehir precede his buildings in Konya. His mosque at Konya-Larende Gate is dated 1258 and in time with the buildings added it has become a Külliye (building complex). The fact that he had canal harks and sikaye “maksem” (Reservoir) built for the necessity of water in the city, is important because it shows he had personally undertaken the public needs of the capital of Seljuk. The architectural investments of Sahip Ata in Kayseri and Sivas were made during the years when the country was dominated by the Mongols. This situation was a result of the greater number of the public buildings in Sivas or Erzurum compared to the number of buildings in other cities after domination of Mongols. As we look at the situation of existing buildings of Sahip Ata, it’s clear that they are singulars. As a result of our work, it’s understood that those buildings were planned within an idea of a Külliye. The first work which Sahip Ata had done, the Ishakli Caravanserai, was built with a Hamam’s on its west side which was undamaged until recent years. His Medrese in Aksehir, not only the Mosque at the north-west side of it, but also consisted of Hankah, whose only inscription has remained today, Matbah (kitchen) and its Çesme in a Külliye formation. And with its Caravanserai added on its north-west side, Kaplıca in Ilgin, was the Külliye of Sahip Ata which located between Konya and Aksehir. It is known that Külliye of Sahip Ata in front of Larende Gate in Konya which composed of Hamam’s, Türbe’s (Mausoleum), Hankah and Mosque, was one of most important group of buildings of the city. Another Külliye on the way to Sultan Gate, which contained Mescid and Medrese near Odun Pazarı (Wooden Bazaar), is undamaged today. The Mescid of Sahip Ata known today as “Tahir and Zuhre”, with its fountain and Darü’l- Huffaz (Swot School) which is demolished at the time of Karaman Emirate, composed another Külliye of Sahip Ata near the Fountain Gate of Castle of Konya. The Medrese in front of the gate of Odun Pazari, one of the north gates of the castle, with its Mescid which remained undamaged until first years of XX. Century and its fountain at the front side of the school formed the Külliye of Sahip Ata in Kayseri. The last Külliye of Sahip Ata was in Sivas and it consisted of Medrese, mosque, fountain and Daru’l Ziyafet (Home for the Guests). The buildings of Sahip Ata were on very important and busy locations among the cities of middle age and his buildings that were outside the cities like shaklı Han ve Ilgın Kaplıcası located on important intercity routes. The first work of Sahip Ata, The Caravanserai (1249), was between Konya- Afyon. The Medrese of Sahip Ata in Aksehir was on the road that connected the town to Nadir Village and from there to Ishakli, and the Kaplica in Ilgin located on the road which connected Aksehir to Konya in the Middle Age. The fact that except for the on this Caravanserai, he had a Külliye in Aksehir and a Kaplica in Ilgin indicates the investments of the patronage around Aksehir and Afyon and that he constructed the buildings considering a certain route. Those buildings had contributed to the development of the settlement around them. For example, The Caravanserai provided Ishakli of today to develop, and the town had grown around The Caravanserai. The Kaplica in Ilgin was the most important health center of the town of that time where an important person like Mevlana Celaleddin Rumî used to come to find cure at the Seljuk period. The famous vizier’s structures inside the city were placed near in front of the castle gates. One of the three külliye’s he had in the capital city of Seljuk, Konya, was placed in front of Larende Gate, one in front of Çesme Gate and the last Külliye consisting of Dârü’l-Hadis (School Which Educates Theological Science) and Mosque was on the road to Sultan Gate. The Külliye at the Larende Gate consisting of Mosque, Medrese, Mausoleum, Hankah and Hamam was built in 25 years between 1258 and 1283. All the structures including the Külliye, lay out in the same neighbour and this resulted in the formation of a neighborhood called “Hoca Sahip”. The niches on the front side of the Hankah were originally used as shops and altogether the Külliye with its structures that gave health, religious and commercial services was the most important socio-cultural centre around the Larende Gate and was one of the most impressive examples of settlement outside the walls of the city. The other külliye of the famous vizier, which was made up of a Medrese and a Mosque, located to the west of Alâeddin Hill. What’s more, The Külliye was to the west of Ahmedek Hill which was adjacent to the outer city wall and was a place for several military services. It’s known that in addition to the Odun Pazarı stated in the Vaqfiyye of the Külliye, there was a Bugday Pazarı (Wheat Market) in the same part of the city. Sultan Gate, stated in the Vaqffiye, was the gate where Alâeddin Hill, which was the administrative centre in the Middle Age, was connected to the city. These data point that the Külliye was positioned on one of the most important economical and political areas of the city. The other Sahip Ata Külliye located near Çesme Gate, which was one of the gates to the west side of Konya Castle in the Middle Age, was made up of Dârü’l-Huffâz, Mosque and Fountain. Sahip Ata’s Fountains, which do not exist today, had caused the gate named Çesme Gate. Existing trails indicate that his Külliye in Aksehir also was on an important point of the city in the Middle Age. As a matter of fact during the construction excavations near the Medrese of the Külliye, remains of city walls were encountered. Also . H. Konyalı indicated that the Medrese and the mosque were “…at the entrance of the castle….”. According to the information provided by H. Eldem and Ahmed Nazif concerning the beginning of the last century, the mosque and Moslem teaching school of his Külliye in Kayseri were facing each other and there was a road passing between them. The front side of Medrese was facing an area known as “At Meydanı” (Horse Square) in the Middle Age in Kayseri. Besides, Odun Pazari or Meydan which was known as the north-east gate of the castle was located to the south west of the building. This situation shows that Külliye was very near to one of the most important commercial centers and city‘s square. The Külliye of Sahip Ata is one of the buildings which were built at that part of the city after the Mongol invasion. According to Sahip Ata’s testimony in his Vaqfiyye on the Külliye, which he had ordered to be built in Sivas, used to locate in front of one of the south gates on the exterior city wall. According to this situation, the first building seen by the caravans coming from south (Kayseri) would be the Medrese. The commercial life of Sivas in middle age had spread from Grand Mosque and its surroundings to the south where Sahip Ata (Gök) Medrese located. The fact that this area was mentioned “Medrese-i Sahip Mahallesi (Neighborhood of Sahip’s medrese)” on the XV. Century documents, shows that it had lead to a new development of settlement around this school. Sahip Ata’s buildings show differences in design and stylistic aspects. His first two structures, The Caravanserai at the shaklı and Medrese in Aksehir, had portals that resemble each other so much that it can be said that they were built by the same person. His Mosque and Medrese in Konya were different, especially in the portal design. Those two buildings built by Kölük bin Abdullah were the first examples in Anatolia in both the portal decoration and two-minaret applications. These novelties are not seen in the next two Sahip Ata buildings which are the Hankah in Konya and the Medrese in Kayseri. The Medrese in Sivas is a structure in which Kölük bin Abdullah’s two-minaret design, which was used in the mosque in Konya, was applied by Üstad-ı Mimar (master of architects) Kaluyan el-Konevî with some technical repairs. This Medrese draws attention by the maturity of design of its front side and especially by the protuberant, overflowing, mostly floral themed ornament on the portal. This kind of decoration is seen on many architectural structures built in the 3rd quarter of XIII. Century and in the 1st half of XIV. Century in Erzurum and Sivas. As a result it can be stated that Sahip Ata had given enough freedom to his architects like Kölük bin Abdullah and Kaluyan el-Konevî to develop new applications but also governed buildings where known schemes were used.
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